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Pacifism in japan the christian and socialist tradition
The subject of pacifism is still relatively unexplored by scholars. It is therefore little known that one of the largest literatures on the subject, outside of Europe and North America where pacifism first developed, is in Japan.
By the middle of the 19th century Japan had enjoyed more than two hundred years without war. The first Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 introduced the horrors of modern warfare, and anti-war sentiment flourished in the period preceding the outbreak of war with Russia in 1904. In the following three decades pacifism became recognized as an acceptable philo- sophical position, particularly among the Christians and socialists; but after Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 government control made it increasingly difficult to put forward such a view in public. This situation continued until late 1945 when the political administration of the Allied Occupation Forces actively fostered opposition to war as part of their programme.
Since 1945 vigorous pacifism has marked the political and intellectual life of Japan. A clause pledging that Japan would never again engage
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